An approach to the construction of classifiers from imbalanced datasets is described. A dataset is imbalanced if the classification categories are not approximately equally represented. Often real-world data sets are predominately composed of "normal" examples with only a small percentage of "abnormal" or "interesting" examples. It is also the case that the cost of misclassifying an abnormal (interesting) example as a normal example is often much higher than the cost of the reverse error. Under-sampling of the majority (normal) class has been proposed as a good means of increasing the sensitivity of a classifier to the minority class. This paper shows that a combination of our method of over-sampling the minority (abnormal) class and under-sampling the majority (normal) class can achieve better classifier performance (in ROC space) than only under-sampling the majority class. This paper also shows that a combination of our method of over-sampling the minority class and under-sampling the majority class can achieve better classifier performance (in ROC space) than varying the loss ratios in Ripper or class priors in Naive Bayes. Our method of over-sampling the minority class involves creating synthetic minority class examples. Experiments are performed using C4.5, Ripper and a Naive Bayes classifier. The method is evaluated using the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUC) and the ROC convex hull strategy.
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State space models (SSMs) have demonstrated state-of-the-art sequence modeling performance in some modalities, but underperform attention in language modeling. Moreover, despite scaling nearly linearly in sequence length instead of quadratically, SSMs are still slower than Transformers due to poor hardware utilization. In this paper, we make progress on understanding the expressivity gap between SSMs and attention in language modeling, and on reducing the hardware barrier between SSMs and attention. First, we use synthetic language modeling tasks to understand the gap between SSMs and attention. We find that existing SSMs struggle with two capabilities: recalling earlier tokens in the sequence and comparing tokens across the sequence. To understand the impact on language modeling, we propose a new SSM layer, H3, that is explicitly designed for these abilities. H3 matches attention on the synthetic languages and comes within 0.4 PPL of Transformers on OpenWebText. Furthermore, a hybrid 125M-parameter H3-attention model that retains two attention layers surprisingly outperforms Transformers on OpenWebText by 1.0 PPL. Next, to improve the efficiency of training SSMs on modern hardware, we propose FlashConv. FlashConv uses a fused block FFT algorithm to improve efficiency on sequences up to 8K, and introduces a novel state passing algorithm that exploits the recurrent properties of SSMs to scale to longer sequences. FlashConv yields 2$\times$ speedup on the long-range arena benchmark and allows hybrid language models to generate text 1.6$\times$ faster than Transformers. Using FlashConv, we scale hybrid H3-attention language models up to 1.3B parameters on the Pile and find promising initial results, achieving lower perplexity than Transformers and outperforming Transformers in zero- and few-shot learning on a majority of tasks in the SuperGLUE benchmark.
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Automatic defect detection for 3D printing processes, which shares many characteristics with change detection problems, is a vital step for quality control of 3D printed products. However, there are some critical challenges in the current state of practice. First, existing methods for computer vision-based process monitoring typically work well only under specific camera viewpoints and lighting situations, requiring expensive pre-processing, alignment, and camera setups. Second, many defect detection techniques are specific to pre-defined defect patterns and/or print schematics. In this work, we approach the automatic defect detection problem differently using a novel Semi-Siamese deep learning model that directly compares a reference schematic of the desired print and a camera image of the achieved print. The model then solves an image segmentation problem, identifying the locations of defects with respect to the reference frame. Unlike most change detection problems, our model is specially developed to handle images coming from different domains and is robust against perturbations in the imaging setup such as camera angle and illumination. Defect localization predictions were made in 2.75 seconds per layer using a standard MacBookPro, which is comparable to the typical tens of seconds or less for printing a single layer on an inkjet-based 3D printer, while achieving an F1-score of more than 0.9.
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3D Flash LiDAR是传统扫描激光雷达系统的替代方法,有望在紧凑的外形尺寸中进行精确的深度成像,并且没有运动部件,例如自动驾驶汽车,机器人技术和增强现实(AR)等应用。通常在图像传感器格式中使用单光子,直接飞行时间(DTOF)接收器实施,设备的操作可能会受到需要在室外场景中处理和压缩的大量光子事件的阻碍以及对较大数组的可扩展性。我们在这里提出了一个64x32像素(256x128 spad)DTOF成像器,该成像器通过将像素与嵌入式直方图使用像素一起克服这些局限性,该直方直方图锁定并跟踪返回信号。这大大降低了输出数据帧的大小,可在10 kfps范围内或100 kfps的最大帧速率进行直接深度读数。该传感器可选择性地读数检测表面或传感运动的像素,从而减少功耗和片外处理要求。我们演示了传感器在中端激光雷达中的应用。
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现有的数据驱动和反馈流量控制策略不考虑实时数据测量的异质性。此外,对于缺乏数据效率,传统的加固学习方法(RL)方法通常会缓慢收敛。此外,常规的最佳外围控制方案需要对系统动力学的精确了解,因此对内源性不确定性会很脆弱。为了应对这些挑战,这项工作提出了一种基于不可或缺的增强学习(IRL)的方法来学习宏观交通动态,以进行自适应最佳周边控制。这项工作为运输文献做出了以下主要贡献:(a)开发连续的时间控制,并具有离散增益更新以适应离散时间传感器数据。 (b)为了降低采样复杂性并更有效地使用可用数据,将体验重播(ER)技术引入IRL算法。 (c)所提出的方法以“无模型”方式放松模型校准的要求,该方式可以稳健地进行建模不确定性,并通过数据驱动的RL算法增强实时性能。 (d)通过Lyapunov理论证明了基于IRL的算法和受控交通动力学的稳定性的收敛性。最佳控制定律被参数化,然后通过神经网络(NN)近似,从而缓解计算复杂性。在不需要模型线性化的同时,考虑了状态和输入约束。提出了数值示例和仿真实验,以验证所提出方法的有效性和效率。
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ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列,该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战,这是由于探测器的几何形状,不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收,并且低于100 GEV的光,每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战,可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形,并将图形神经网络(GNN)作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开,对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类,并重建沉积的能量,方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真,我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术,包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类,与当前的IceCube方法相比,GNN以固定的假阳性速率(FPR)提高了信号效率的18%。另外,GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8(低于半百分比)。对于能源,方向和相互作用顶点的重建,与当前最大似然技术相比,分辨率平均提高了13%-20%。当在GPU上运行时,GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件,这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。
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本文考虑了最佳功率流(OPF)的优化代理,即近似于OPF的输入/输出关系的机器学习模型。最近的工作重点是表明此类代理可能具有高忠诚。但是,他们的培训需要大量数据,每个实例都需要(离线)解决输入分布样本的OPF。为了满足市场清除应用程序的要求,本文提出了积极的桶装采样(ABS),这是一个新型的活跃学习框架,旨在培训在一个时间限制内培训最佳OPF代理。ABS将输入分布分配到存储桶中,并使用采集函数来确定接下来的何处。它依靠自适应学习率,随着时间的推移会增加和降低。实验结果证明了ABS的好处。
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为了利用同一场景的视频框架中的高时间相关性,使用基于块的运动估计和补偿技术从已经编码的参考帧中预测了当前帧。尽管这种方法可以有效利用移动对象的翻译运动,但它容易受到其他类型的仿射运动和对象遮挡/除含量的影响。最近,深度学习已被用来模拟人类姿势的高级结构,以从短视频中的特定动作中进行,然后通过使用生成的对抗网络(GAN)来预测姿势,从而在未来的时间内生成虚拟框架。因此,建模人姿势的高级结构能够通过预测人类的行为并确定其轨迹来利用语义相关性。视频监视应用程序将受益,因为可以通过估算人类姿势轨迹并通过语义相关性产生未来的框架来压缩存储的大监视数据。本文通过从已经编码的框架中对人姿势进行建模并在当前时间使用生成的框架来探讨一种新的视频编码方式。预计所提出的方法可以通过预测包含具有较低残差的移动对象的块来克服传统向后引用框架的局限性。实验结果表明,提出的方法平均可以实现高达2.83 dB PSNR增益和25.93 \%比特率的节省,用于高运动视频序列
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我们提出了一种自动方法,可以从数据中发现重力波(GW)事件的分析人群模型。随着检测到更多引力波(GW)事件,由于其表现性,诸如高斯混合模型之类的柔性模型(例如高斯混合模型)变得越来越重要。但是,灵活的模型带有许多缺乏身体动机的参数,从而解释了这些模型的含义。在这项工作中,我们证明了符号回归可以通过将这种柔性模型的后验预测分布提炼成可解释的分析表达式来补充灵活模型。我们恢复了常见的GW人群模型,例如Power-Law-Plus-Gaussis,并找到了一种结合准确性和简单性的新经验人群模型。这表明了一种在不断增长的GW目录中自动发现可解释的人群模型的策略,该模型可能会应用于其他天体物理现象。
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Majorana示威者是一项领先的实验,寻找具有高纯净锗探测器(HPGE)的中性s中性双β衰变。机器学习提供了一种最大化这些检测器提供的信息量的新方法,但是与传统分析相比,数据驱动的性质使其不可解释。一项可解释性研究揭示了机器的决策逻辑,使我们能够从机器中学习以反馈传统分析。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Majorana演示者数据的第一个机器学习分析。这也是对任何锗探测器实验的第一个可解释的机器学习分析。训练了两个梯度增强的决策树模型,以从数据中学习,并进行了基于游戏理论的模型可解释性研究,以了解分类功率的起源。通过从数据中学习,该分析识别重建参数之间的相关性,以进一步增强背景拒绝性能。通过从机器中学习,该分析揭示了新的背景类别对相互利用的标准Majorana分析的重要性。该模型与下一代锗探测器实验(如传说)高度兼容,因为它可以同时在大量探测器上进行训练。
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